of justification are no longer valid provided the OCS’s statements about the Lutheran formulations “by faith alone” and simul iustus et peccator are interpreted in the Roman Catholic sense over against their Reformation meanings. In other words, the Vatican is basically saying that even though it still believes the Lutheran view is in error in some very significant ways, it is now willing to view the Lutheran view as no longer a church-dividing doctrine. All the while it continues to articulate its